Cryptography

Cryptography is the science and practice of securing information through mathematical techniques — encoding data so that only authorized parties can read it. Modern cryptography includes encryption (protecting confidentiality), hashing (verifying integrity), digital signatures (providing authentication and non-repudiation), and key management (securely generating, distributing, and storing cryptographic keys).

For defense contractors, the critical requirement is using FIPS-validated cryptographic modules. This means the specific software or hardware performing the cryptography has been tested and certified by an accredited laboratory to meet federal security standards.